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Sore Throat (Pharyngitis).
Most sore throats are just a part of a cold. The presenceof a cough, hoarseness, or nasal symptoms points to a viral infection. For local pain relief for children age 1 should sip warm chicken broth or apple juice. Children age 4-6 can suck on hard candy or lollipops, also can gargle warm water with a little table salt or anto acid solution. For severe symptoms give acetaminophen or ibuprofen to reduce discomfort or fever >102 degrees. Sore thraots typically last between 3 to 4 days. Call your doctor if the sore thorat is the main symptom and it last more than 24 hours, fever last more than three days, or if your child becomes worse... read more


Jaundiced Newborn.
Some jaundice is normal in 50% of newborns and generally harmless. If bottle-fed increase the frequency of feedings. Try for an interval of every 2-3 hours during the day. If breastfed, increase the frequency of feedings. Nurse the baby every 1.5 - 2.5 hours during the day. Don't let the baby sleep more than 4 hours at night without feeding. If your baby is having more than three BM's per day, carefully insert a thermometer .5 inch (1.2cm) into the anus, and gently move it from side to side to stimulate a bowel movement (reason: increased BM's carry more bilirubin out of the body). Physiological jaundice peaks on day 4 or 5 and then gradually disapears over 1-2 weeks. In order to judge jaundice view the baby unclothed in a natural light near a window. Press on the yellow skin with a finger to remove the normal skin tone. Then asses the jaundice olor before the pink color returns. Call your Doctor if the jaundice is not gone by day 14 or if your baby starts to act sick... read more


Teething.
Teething is a natural process, it's harmless, and it causes little if any pain. It dosn't cause fever or crying. Preform gum massage by finding the irratated or swollen gum. Massage it with your finger for 2 minutes. Do this as often as necessary. You may use a piece of ice wrapped in a wet cloth to massage the gum as well. Teething rings or biscuits may also be used. The infants will massage their own gums if offered. Avoid hard foods that could cause choking. also avoid ice or popsicles that could cause frostbite of the gums. If your infants refuses the nipple feedings, use a cup temporarily. If pain increases, give acetaminophen orally for 1 day. (special:teething gels are unnecessary. If choosing to use one, be sure not to apply more than 4 times daily. reason: risk of overdose). Call your doctor if baby devolpes fever or child becomes worse... read more


Vomiting.
For children older than age 1 small amounts of clear fluids for 8 hours is recomended. Water or ice chips are best for vomiting without diarrhea. Other option include lemon lime soda, popsicles, or frozen pops. Give small amounts (1tablespoon) every 5 minutes. After 4 hours without vomiting, increase the amount. After 8 hours without vomiting, add solids. Limit solid foods to bland foods for 24 hours. Start with crackers, white bread, rice, mashed patatoes, etc. Normal diet generally ok after 24 hours. You must avoid all nonessential medicines for 8 hours (reason: Usually make vomiting worse). For severe vomiting its safe to go without fluids for 6-8 hours. Rest the stomach completely for 2 hours or longer. Encourage your child to rest, then once the child awakens continue routine care for vomiting.... read more


Fever.
Most fevers are good for children and help their bodies to fight infection. Use the following definitions to help put the child's feer into perspective:

  • 100°F - 102°F = low-grade fevers and beneficial
  • 102°F - 104°F = moderate-grade fevers and beneficial
  • More than 104°F = high fevers and cause discomfort, but harmless
  • More than 105°F = higher risk of bacterial infections
  • More than 107°F = the fever itself can be harmful

Treatment for all fevers is generally to give extra fluids (cold fluids) and wear less clothing. Give acetaminophen or ibuprofen for fevers greater than 102°F if your child is uncomfortable. The goal of fever therapy is to bring the temperature down to a comforatable level. Most fever medications will bring the fever down 2°F - 3°F, but be sure to check the dosage charts. Sponging may be recomended if fever is greater than 104F and dosnt decrease with acetaminophen or ibuprofen. USe lukewarm water (85°F - 90°F). Sponge for 20 minutes. if your child becomes cold or shivers stop sponging or increase the water temperature. Most fevers associated with viral illnesses flucate between 101°F and 104°F last for 2 or 3 days. Call your doctor if your child looks very sick 1 hour after taking acetaminophen or ibuprofen. If the child's fever increase to greater than 105°F. If the fever last more than 24 hours or your child seems to become any worse... read more


Constipation.
Most constipation can be treated from home with basic diet changes. For infants only on breast milk or formula, add fruit juices. 1 ounce/month of age twice a day. Grape, pear, apple, cherry, or prune juice are OK at any age for treating this symptom. For infants over 4 months of age also add baby foods with higher fiber content twice a day (peas, beans, apricots, prunes, peaches, pears, plums, spinach, etc). Children older than 1 year should increase intake of fruit juices (citrus juices are not helpful), add fruits and vegetables high in fiber content 3 times a day, increase whole grain foods, and decrease constipating foods such as: milk, ice cream, cheese, yogurt, or cooked carrots. If your child is toilet trained establish a regular bowel pattern by sitting on the toilet for 10 minutes after meal, especially breakfast. If your child is resisting toilet training by holding back, temporarily stop the training and put him/her back in diapers. Call your doctor if there is any acute rectal pain or abdominal pain after these treaments or if your child becomes worse... read more


Diarrhea.

Diarrhea commonly results from gastroenteritis caused by viral infections, parasites or bacterial toxins. In sanitary living conditions where there is ample food and a supply of clean water, an otherwise healthy patient usually recovers from viral infections in a few days. Symptomatic treatment for diarrhea involves the patient consuming adequate amounts of water to replace that loss, preferably mixed with electrolytes to provide essential salts and some amount of nutrients. For many people, further treatment is unnecessary. For formula-fed infants start oral rehydration solutions (ORS). For infants who do not like the flavor also try adding 1 or 2 drops of nutrasweet or small amounts of kool-aid powder. Use the ORS alone for 4-6 hours to prevent dehydration, offer the infant unlimited amounts. Return back to regular formula by 6 hours at the latest (reason: child needs calories). Use your full strength formula and offer the formula more often than usual. For breastfed infants with frequent, watery diarrhea, continue breastfeeding at more frequent intervals. Offer ORS between feedings if the urine production is decreased or dark. Most children 1 year or older just need to change daily diet their choice of foods is the key factor - starchy foods are absorbed best. Give child cereals, oatmeal, bread, crackers, noodles, mashed potatoes, carrots, applesauce, strained bannanas, etc. Avoid fruit juices and soft drinks, give child milk or half strength kool-aid. Make sure to wash thte buttoks after each BM to prevent daiper rash. Cosider applying protective ointment around the anus to protect the skin. Call your doctor if the diarrhea persists greater than 2 weeks or if your child becomes worse... .read more


Breast Feeding Questions:

Human milk is the perfect food for your baby. It has all the right ingredients in just the right amounts for your baby. For example less iron than formula because the type of iron found in breast milk is easier to digest and for your baby's body to use. Mother’s milk is easy to digest. Babies don’t get constipated (probably from the overabundant amount of iron found in formula) and seldom get diarrhea which is common in infants using a cows milk based formula. Breastfeeding helps prevent obesity and diabetes in children. Breastfed babies have fewer allergies than formula-fed babies. This is very important if your family has a history of allergies. Breast milk has special antibodies that help protect your baby from colds, flu, ear infections, and illnesses like asthma, eczema and hay fever. Some studies even link ADHD to the lack of infant nutrition found in formula. Whatever reason you choose for breastfeeding your baby, we know you will have many questions. We recomend these webpages for important questions that need answering....read more

 

Bottle (Formula) - Feeding Questions:
There are many types of formulas such as: Milk-protein formulas, soy-protein formulas and hydrolysate formulas. Soy formulas don't conatain lactose. Currently 20% of infants in the US are fed soy formula often without reason. Hydrolysate formulas are indicated for children who are sensitive to both milk protein and soy protein. Parents should be discouraged from switching formulas without speaking to their primary care physician (PCP). Switching from one milk-based formulato another is not helpful for any type of symptom. Formulas come in three basic forms: powder, concentrated liquid, and ready-to-feed liquid...read more.
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